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| Dennis Jenkins, University of Oregon archeologist. |
I’m
rather sickened by all the negative comments about immigrants lately. After all,
we are a country built on immigration. If you know your history, you know even
the Native Americans are immigrants although because they’ve been here longer
than any other immigrants we shouldn’t even think of them as immigrants. The
latest evidence is they came from Asia 14,300 years ago. So unless they have
ancestors who were Native Americans, they shouldn’t be making negative comments
about immigrants.
We
all know about the earliest settlers from England, the pilgrims who came to our
shore. The first one was the lost colony of Roanoke, and then the English
settled in Jamestown, Virginia. They were totally clueless about what they needed
to survive in this wild land, and even more so the Pilgrims who settled in
Plymouth, miles and miles north of where they were heading. They were lucky
that the Native Americans helped them out.
Unfortunately
for the native tribes, following immigrants treated them terribly, bringing
diseases and even giving them blankets once used by smallpox patients so they’d
get the disease and die. Smallpox was the one that wiped out most of the
Indians in the east. Scalping? White invaders did the first scalping of
Indians. And it never got better for the Native Americans. Gradually, those
that didn’t die from disease were pushed west, their lands taken over, and we
know about the reservations they eventually ended up on. The white settlers for
the most part looked down on the Indians, much as many people today look down
on our most recent immigrants.
Immigrants
have always faced negativity from those who were already established here. Immigrants before 1790 came from Africa
(slaves), England, Ulster Scotch-Irish, Germany, Scotland, Ireland, Netherlands,
Wales, France, Sweden and Jewish immigrants. Many came as indentured servants
or transported convicts. There was not as much immigration from 1790 to 1849,
and those who came were attracted by the cheap farmland, jobs in factories,
digging the canals and railroads. Nativism took the form of political
anti-Catholicism directed mostly at the Irish Catholics. Signs on stores and
businesses stated that Irish need not apply. Most of the migrants flocked to
urban destinations, and made up the bulk of the U.S. industrial labor pool,
making possible the emergence of such industries as steel, coal, automotive,
textile and garment production, enabling the United States to leap to the front
ranks of the world’s economic giants.
Their
urban destinations, numbers, and perhaps an antipathy towards foreigners, led
to the emergence of a second wave of organized xenophobia. By the 1890s, many
Americans, particularly from the ranks of the well-off, and native-born,
considered immigration a serious danger to the nation’s health and security. In
1893 a group formed the Immigration Restriction League, and it, along with
other similarly inclined organizations, began to press Congress for severe
curtailment of foreign immigration. Does all this sound familiar?
What
made me want to write about immigration is when I heard an interview on NPR with
Princeton University’s Doug Massey, one of the nation’s preeminent immigration
scholars. Because I couldn’t write down everything he said, I Googled him and
found an article in The Washington Post by Ezra Klein titled “Everything you
know about immigration is wrong.” I’ll have to abbreviate this long
article.
Massey
slices the history of Mexico-to-U.S. migration in five periods. Early in the 20th
century, there was the era of “the hook” when Japan stopped sending workers to the U.S.
and the mining, agriculture and railroad industries begged Mexican laborers to
replace them. It’s called ‘the hook’ because laborers were recruited with
promises of high wages, signing bonuses, transportation and lodging, most of
which either never materialized or were deducted from their paychecks.
Then
during the Roaring Twenties, almost 650,000 Mexican workers came legally,
causing the number of Mexicans in the U.S. to rocket to almost 750,000 in 1929,
from 100,000 in 1900.
The
Great Depression ended all that. Jobless Americans took out their anger on
jobless Mexicans, and thus began the “era of deportations.” From 1929 to 1939,
469,000 Mexicans were expelled from the U.S.
Enter
World War II. With so many American men fighting overseas, Mexican labor was
once again in high demand. The U.S. and Mexico negotiated the Bracero Program,
which gave Mexican workers access to temporary visas. In 1945 the program brought
in 50,000 Mexican guest workers, and by 1963 more than 50,000 Mexicans were emigrating
each year. With so many legal ways to enter the country, illegal immigration
was virtually unknown. In 1965, the U.S. ended the Bracero Program which began
to limit Mexican immigration, but the demand for Mexican labor remained strong.
So began the ‘era of undocumented migration.’ But even as millions of Mexicans
entered the U.S. illegally, millions also returned to Mexico. About 85% of new
entries were offset by departures. After passage of a comprehensive immigration
law in 1986, the U.S. began militarizing the border with Mexico even as the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and later the North American Free Trade
Agreement strengthened economic ties with Mexico. From 1986 to 2000, trade with
Mexico increased eight fold.
Here
Massey’s story takes a turn that confounds Washington’s conventional wisdom and
makes a mockery of the current political debate. According to Massey, the rise
of America’s large undocumented population is a direct result of the
militarization of the border. While undocumented workers once traveled back and
forth from Mexico with relative ease, after the border was garrisoned,
immigrants from Mexico crossed the border and stayed once they had run the
gauntlet and made it to their final destination. The arrival of undocumented Mexicans fell off
when the recession came. The militarization of the border has cost billions of
dollars.
Next,
I downloaded Ten Ways Immigrants Help
Build and Strengthen Our Economy.
One: Immigrants start businesses.
Two:
Immigrant-owned businesses create jobs
for American workers.
Three:
Immigrants are also more likely to create their own jobs.
Four:
Immigrants develop cutting-edge technologies and companies.
Five:
Immigrants are our engineers, scientists, and innovators.
Six:
Immigration boosts earning for American workers.
Seven:
Immigrants boost demand for local consumer goods.
Eight: Immigration
reform legislation like the DREAM Act reduces the deficit.
Nine: Comprehensive
immigration reform would create jobs.
Ten: Comprehensive
immigration reform would increase America’s GDP.
The
ten ways were backed up with data from various organizations, but it would have
taken up to much space to add that.
We
are a nation of immigrants. Immigrants have made America great. They’re the
ones who built our cities, lay the railroads, started new industries, and our
tech businesses. Recently at a naturalization ceremony held at the White House,
President Obama said, “The lesson of these 236 years is clear – immigration
makes America stronger.”
My
ancestors are a hodgepodge of immigrants; the earlier ones were a mixture of
Scotch Irish, English whose migration here was long ago. In the late 1800’s, my
grandfather, who as an 8 year old boy, came from Slovakia with is mother after
his father died. His two older brothers had emigrated here earlier. As I wrote
in my blog about my father for Father’s Day, my mother’s father opposed their
marriage because my dad was, what he called a Hunky even though he wasn’t from
Hungry. I guess to my Grandpa Jones whose ancestors were from Wales everyone
from that section of Europe was called that. Apparently, he thought the Welsh were
superior.
Note:
Some of my information on immigration is from Wikipedia’s “History of
Immigration to the United States.” It contained pages of the history of
immigration and was fascinating reading.
What
is your opinion of immigration to our country?
What
is your family background?
